5 Francisco Nualart N45-3.indd

Stem cells are considered a valuable cellular resource for tissue replacement therapies in most brain disorders. Stem cells have the ability to self-replicate and diff erentiate into numerous cell types, including neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. As a result, stem cells have been considered the “holy grail” of modern medical neuroscience. Despite their tremendous therapeutic potential, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate their diff erentiation. In this review, we analyze stem cells in embryonic and adult brains, and illustrate the diff erentiation pathways that give origin to most brain cells. We also evaluate the emergent role of the well known anti-oxidant, vitamin C, in stem cell diff erentiation. We believe that a complete understanding of all molecular players, including vitamin C, in stem cell diff erentiation will positively impact on the use of stem cell transplantation for neurodegenerative diseases.